نشریه مهندسی نقشه برداری و اطلاعات مکانی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، شهریور 1392)

One of the most important issues in GIS is Data interoperability. Emerging of web service technologies and SOA paradigm encouraged the evolution from Classical and data-centric GIS to distributed and loosely coupled architecture. With the increasing amount of users requesting spatial data, organizations published their spatial web services according to Existing standards(OGC,ISO). At the other hand, many organizations are providing similarservices with overlapping functionalities. So there would be more web services toresponse for each request in UDDI. Selection of the best web service to response is a challenge. Web services have functionality and non-functionality aspect that they’re may be similar in functionality aspects but they’re different in nonfunctionality aspects (quality of service). Web service selection by QoS can be a good solution for this challenge that it can introduce the suitable web service to users. In this paper, we will describe QoS, Webservice Level Agreement (WSLA) Standards for representing quality of web services and represent a model for spatial web services quality. Finally we will investigate QoS-Driven service selection methods for web service composition.

With the development of the space exploitation technologies, it is necessary to maintain an up-to-date knowledge of the orbital parameters of the resident space objects such as satellites and space debris. In order to estimate the trajectory of the satellites, the information about the shape and orientation of satellite orbits are required. These data are known as Keplerian elements. Since the physics of the Earth and its atmosphere are not sufficiently known, it is not simple to determine Keplerian elements of the satellite orbits based on the specific models.Thus, to estimate the orbital parameters of the civil satellites and calculate their transit time and therefore to determine the accurate orbit of them, it is required to observe these space objects directly. There are several systems and methods for tracking satellites. In this study, three commonly satellite trackingmethods are explained such as laser ranging technology, radar tracking systems and optical tracking sensors. First of all, the basic principles and structures of these methods are disscused and then, the wellknown samples of them are presented. According to the results of this study, satellite tracking based on the optical sensors is more affordable and more robust against environmental conditions. On the other hand, because of the low cost an high accuracy of imaging observations, this method is selected to develop a satellite tracking system.

Recent improvements in information technologies such as web mapping and location-aware mobile devices have facilitated non-experts to aggregate, share and edit spatial data in a progressively accessible way. Thus, unlike the traditional spatial data productionprocess, data can be generated by each user. This phenomenon as VolunteeredGeographic Information (VGI) was introduced for the first time in 2007, by Goodchild. VGI has significant impacts on geospatial data production and sharing as individuals can act as both data producers and users. Despite the benefits and special characteristics, the richness and complexity of volunteered geographic information makes its usage challenging. This paper addresses the main properties and challenges of the volunteeredgeographic environment based on the literatures.

Recent promotions in Web2.0 form a new information system so called volunteer information system. On these systems information generated and shared by the users. Users in these systems have a general meaning that in most cases lack in the necessary training about intelligence. Wikis are particular kind of such systems which are so simple and open in creation and editing. This paper deals with the volunteered geospatial information system and specially wiki environment as a context for implementation of these systems. The concept such as users, data source, data types, license and designprinciples of wiki environment will be discussed and at the end the main principle of one implemented system would be extracted.

Web-based Social Networks are increasingly becoming one of the key media of communication over the Internet. The potential of these services as the basisto gather statistics and exploit information about user behavior is exciting. With theadvances in the location-aware hardware and software technologies, location-basedsocial networking applications have been proposed to provide services, taking intoaccount both the spatial and social aspects. In this paper, the concept of location basedsocial networks including architecture and functions are provided and a prototype todemonstrate the capabilities and features of LBSNs is presented.

Hyperspectral imagery is an efficient way to urban scene description and for detecting and identifying of building roof materials, because of its fine spectral and spatial resolution and its ability to acquire simultaneously great number of spectral bands. The potential of such data can lead to overcome the different basic problems in remote sensing, including spectral mixing. The spectral unmixing and sub-pixel classification techniques are also the relatively new research area of remotely sensed data analysis which permits the sub-pixel estimation of land cover. These techniques consist of both supervised and unsupervised algorithms. In this paper, we have used two ICA (Independent Component Analysis)-based methods for hyperspectral images classification. These methods allow us to separate the sources related to different materials proportion and distribution whichexist in the scene, without any necessity to a priori knowledge, which can be considered as an unsupervised unmixing approach. The estimated components can be interpreted asdifferent types of materials with relatively pure spectra. Because of the inherent ambiguities of ICA-based methods, the estimated sources corresponding to materials abundances could not be used directly as the class membership values. So, to have thematerial maps, another decision step is needed. The Fuzzy logic technique has been applied to obtain a classification map. This technique includes either two hard and soft classification results. Both of two methods have been applied on two different scenes of CASI (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager), image sets over an urban area of Toulouse city in the south of France. The hard classification results have been evaluated by comparing each other and with ground truth data and also the Soft classification results have been evaluated by comparing each other and with the soft classification results of two capable sub-pixel classification methods, SAM (Spectral Angle Mapper)and MF (Matched Filtering), as referencedata. Two ICA-based methods have beenevaluated in either classification precision and processing time, too. We observed thatthis algorithm for two methods is capable for detection of natural and man-madedifferent materials which exist within the scene and also individual small targets.The only rest limitation of this algorithm is its need to an interpretation step by a human operator for selection of the meaningful components resulting from ICA.

Every year, millions hectares of forests are victims of fires that caused by natural and human. Happened wild fires through the world show that this damaging phenomenon, impact on the ecosystem of incompatibility region's vegetation and wildlife. Forests are among the capitals of each country, thus providing effective solutions in order to prevent and manage the complex process environment is ideal for managers and planners. CellularAutomata is a simple method with high efficiency that can simulate dynamics phenomenon like urban expanding, forest fire and so on. This method used in forestfire simulation and has high grade in these studies. But the important thing about thecellular automaton is. In this study swarm intelligent are used for calibration of cellular automata in forest fire. Result of simulation based on cellular automata, swarm intelligent and Geographic Information System shows the ability of this method. Proposed model implemented in South East forest of Minoodasht city of Golestan province. After implementing primitive model in this region, kappa coefficient was 58%, after calibratingmodel by swarm intelligent, this coefficient raised to 92% and overall accuracy was promoted to 95%. Total time of real fire was 23 h and total burned area was 807.5 ha and simulation results showed 22.8 h and 760.8 ha. According to these figures and kappa coefficient, this model can used to simulate forest fires in other regions and would be used as a Support Decision System.